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Diagnosis of Breast Cancer
Breast Self-Examination
The breast self-exam is a way that you can check your breasts for changes (such as lumps or thickenings). It includes looking at and feeling your breast. Any unusual changes should be reported to your doctor. When breast cancer is detected in its early stages, your chances of surviving the disease are greatly improved
Clinical Breast Examination
A clinical breast examination may be part of your regular checkup. Talk with your health professional about how often you need a breast examination. Usually it is recommended to have a yearly visit to a Doctor for a thorough Breast Examination.
Mammogram
A mammogram is a special x-ray examination of the breast made with specific x-ray equipment that can often find tumors too small to be felt during the breast self-examination. A mammogram is the most used radiographic method available today to detect breast cancer early. It is ideal for women older than 40 years, for whom the risk of breast cancer is increased.
Breast Ultrasound
The primary use of breast ultrasound today is to help diagnose breast abnormalities detected by a physician during a physical exam (such as a lump or bloody or spontaneous clear nipple discharge) and to characterize potential abnormalities seen on mammography.
Pathological Assessment
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC): A fine needle is inserted into the lump to aspirate a few cells and spread on a glass slide and studied on a microscope to arrive at the diagnosis. FNAC is mandatory for all breast lumps irrespective of the age of the patient.
Stereotactic Biopsy: It is a minimally invasive, sophisticated technique for extremely small lumps or calcium deposits that cannot be felt but are detected on mammography. This method combines mammogram and computer technology to locate and withdraw cells for analysis.
Breast Cancer - at Super Speciality Hospitals in India
All breast cancer are not the same. More tests will be done to find out the specific pattern and the extent of the disease or stages. This important step is called staging. After an accurate diagnosis and proper staging a suitable Treatment Plan is made.
There are several modalities of the treatment-these include Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation Therapy and Hormonal Therapy. These are usually used in a combination.
Surgery
All breast cancer are not the same. More tests will be done to find out the specific pattern and the extent of the disease or stages. This important step is called staging. After an accurate diagnosis and proper staging a suitable Treatment Plan is made. There are several modalities of the treatment-these include Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation Therapy and Hormonal Therapy. These are usually used in a combination.
Breast Conservation Surgery: Wide excision of only the Breast Lump (saving the normal breast) with removal of axillary nodes. At the end of the procedure ,you have a near normal breast.
Modified Radical Mastectomy (MRM): This surgery involves the removal of entire breast and axillary lymph nodes. This surgery is recommended in the following circumstances:-
- Cancer is found in more than one part of the breast
- Breast is so small that wide excision of the lump can severely deform the breast
Following the surgery a drain is placed in the axilla and another drain is placed under the flaps after the Mastectomy. This will be removed in another 7-14 days depending on the amount of the fluid that is draining out. Stitches are removed two weeks after the surgery.
Modified Radical Mastectomy with Reconstruction: For those women who are unhappy with the idea of losing their breast and are suitable for immediate breast reconstruction can choose this option. A plastic surgeon is involved in this surgery and utilizes patient's own tissues to create a breast which closely matches the opposite breast, if required an artificial implant may also be use.
Chemotherapy
Many Patients may require Chemotherapy after the Breast Cancer Surgery. In Chemotherapy a combination of the drugs is used to kill the cancer cells. The medical oncologist will plan the therapy according to the individual case. Chemotherapy may be administered as Neoadjuvant,Adjuvant and Palliative chemotherapy.
Radiation Therapy
Breast Conservation Surgery is always followed by Radiation Therapy . It may also be used after Mastectomy surgery if required. The radiation therapy uses very high energy X-rays to destroy the cancer cells that still may be present in the affected breast or nearby lymph node. This procedure is painless and the patient does not feel anything when the treatment is going on.
Hormonal Therapy
Hormonal therapy medicines are whole-body (systemic) treatment for hormone-receptor-positive breast cancers. Hormone receptors are like ears on breast cells that listen to signals from hormones. These signals "turn on" growth in cells that have receptors. Hormonal therapy medicines can be used to lower the risk of early-stage hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer coming back, lower the risk of hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer in women who are at high risk but haven't been diagnosed with breast cancer and help shrink or slow the growth of advanced-stage or metastatic hormone-receptor-positive breast cancers.
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